Managing Diabetes
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism in which the body is unable to regulate its blood glucose levels appropriately. Glucose, a simple sugar, comes from the carbohydrates you eat. Your body synthesizes and stores glucose, which it then uses as a major source of energy. For glucose to get into cells, insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas, must be present. In people with diabetes, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the body cells do not respond to the insulin it produces. As a result, glucose can't get into the cells of the body and glucose levels in the blood become elevated. Over time the high blood sugar levels damage many organs of the body.
If you need a referral to a physician at Northern Nevada Medical Center, call our free physician referral service at 775-356-6662.
Risk Factors
Certain factors can increase the risk of developing diabetes. People who have close family members with diabetes and people who are overweight have a greater chance of developing diabetes. Also, the risk of diabetes is increased in some ethnic groups including people who are African-American, Latino American or Native American. Other factors that may increase the risk of diabetes include high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia (elevated cholesterol).
Symptoms
Symptoms of high blood sugar include increased thirst and urination, blurred vision, fatigue and weight loss. In some individuals, the elevated blood sugar may lead to recurrent infections such as urinary tract infection, vaginal yeast infection or infections of the skin. However, many individuals with diabetes may go for many years without symptoms. For that reason, it is recommended that all adults age 45 and above should be tested for diabetes every three years.
Treatment
Individuals with diabetes are at risk for complications that may affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves and circulatory system. Managing diabetes requires that each patient establish goals of therapy that include target blood sugar range, weight management and dietary and lifestyle changes. Comprehensive treatment of diabetes requires a team approach involving patients as well as healthcare providers comprising an endocrinologist, the diabetes educator, nutritionist, ophthalmologist and podiatrist.
Diabetic Eye Disease
Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a complication of the disease, which can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. The most common form of diabetic eye disease is diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in adults, and nearly half of people with diabetes will develop some degree of this disease during their lifetime. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina that can lead to blindness.
If you have diabetes, you should have your eyes examined at least once a year. Your eyes should be dilated during the exam so that your ophthalmologist can see more clearly the insides of the eye in order to detect signs of the disease.
Diabetic eye disease can be treated. Your ophthalmologist may suggest laser eye surgery, which has been proven to reduce the risk of severe vision loss.
Diabetic Foot Care
Foot ulcers are a common and sometimes costly complication of diabetes that can be prevented through self-examination and proper foot care. Left untreated, foot ulcers can lead to infection, gangrene and possible lower limb amputation.
The Wound Care Center at Northern Nevada Medical Center provides a specialized, comprehensive approach to problem wounds.
Diabetes related amputation accounts for 51 percent of all amputations in the United States. Most often, foot ulcers are the result of minor foot trauma and wound-healing failure. Because of poor circulation and nerve damage to the feet, people with diabetes are more likely to develop infections from minor foot injuries. Because of that, people with diabetes should treat their feet with special care. By following some simple foot care tips, people with diabetes can dramatically reduce their risk of amputation and lead healthy, active lives.
Patients with diabetes should follow these steps to prevent foot ulcers:
Every Day
- Check your feet for cuts, sores, blisters, or areas of irritation. If you have any concerns, see your podiatrist or internist.
- Wash and dry your feet, particularly between your toes.
- Protect your feet from extreme hot and cold temperatures.
- Avoid walking barefoot.
When Your Toenails Need Trimming
- Trim your nails straight across, and only if you can see well.
- If you cannot see well or if your toenails are thick or yellowed, have a podiatrist trim them.
- Do not cut into the corners of your toes.
- Do not cut corns or calluses.
When You Visit the Doctor, Ask Him or Her To:
- Look at your bare feet at each visit. As a reminder, remove your shoes and socks.
- Check your feet for sense of feeling and your pulse at least once a year.
- Show you how to take care of your feet.